Angiotensins are small peptides derived from angiotensinogen. Several of the known angiotensins are established endocrine effectors in the regulation of blood pressure, but they are also known to have other functions locally, in several organs and tissues (paracrine) and at the cellular level (autocrine / intracrine). Angiotensin I (DRVYIHPFHL) has no known effector function but it is an immediate precursor of Angiotensin II (DRVYIHPF). Angiotensin II binds AT1 receptors, which promote vasoconstriction, sodium retention, release of aldosterone, release of Arg-vasopressin, cell proliferation, inflammation, fibrosis, anxiety, and cardiac hypertrophy. Angiotensin A (ARVYIHPF), and Angiotensin III (RVYIHPF), also bind AT1 receptors. Angiotensin (1-7) (DRVYIHP) binds a different receptor called MAS-1 which has opposite effects (vasodilation, natriuresis, antiproliferation, NO release, PGE release, and apoptosis). Angiotensin IV (VYIHPF) binds yet another receptor called AT4 (IRAP), which promotes increase of blood flow, angiogenesis, and natriuresis, and which has also been implicated in memory formation and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The peptide LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVVYPWTQRF), which is not an angiotensin, also binds the AT4 receptor. There are other angiotensin peptides that have been identified, including Ang (1-9) (DRVYIHPFH), Ang (1-12) (DRVYIHPFHLVI), Ang V(3-7) (VYIHP), as well as several other shorter peptides that have undetermined functions.
Letter to the Editor - Circulating plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A preliminary report: B.M. Henry, et al.; Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 63, 702 (2021), Application(s): Human plasma, Abstract; Full Text
B38-CAP is a bacteria-derived ACE2-like enzyme that suppresses hypertension and cardiac dysfunction: T. Minato, et al.; Nat. Commun. 11, 1058 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Diabetes-induced Upregulation of Kallistatin Levels Exacerbates Diabetic Nephropathy via RAS Activation: Y. Yang, et al.; FASEB J. 34, 8428 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Serum ACE-2, angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels are unchanged in patients with COVID-19: M. Reider, et al.; Am. J. Hypertens. 2020, hpaa169 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
(Pro)Renin Receptor Contributes to Pregnancy-Induced Sodium-Water Retention in Rats via Activation of Intrarenal RAAS and α-ENaC: Z. Fu, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 16, F530 (2019), Abstract;
Angiotensin 1-7 alleviates aging-associated muscle weakness and bone loss, but is not associated with accelerated aging in ACE2-knockout mice: S. Nozato, et al.; Clin. Sci. 133, 2005 (2019), Abstract;
Chinese yam extract and adenosine attenuated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting RAS and apoptosis via the ER-mediated activation of SHC/Ras/Raf1 pathway: M. Zeng, et al.; Phytomedicine 61, 152857 (2019), Application(s): ELISA using culture supernatants and rat plasma, Abstract;
Effects of Doenjang, a Traditional Korean Soybean Paste, with High-Salt Diet on Blood Pressure in Sprague-Dawley Rats: E.G. Mun, et al.; Nutrients 11, 2745 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Losartan and vitamin D inhibit colonic tumor development in a conditional Apc-deleted mouse model of sporadic colon cancer: U. Dougherty, et al.; Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 12, 433 (2019), Abstract;
Alteration in microRNA-25 expression regulate cardiac function via renin secretion: H. Li, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 395, 119 (2018), Abstract;
Co-ingestion of whole eggs or egg whites with glucose protects against postprandial hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and dysregulated arginine metabolism in association with improved vascular endothelial function in prediabetic men: J.D. McDonald, et al.; Br. J. Nutr. 120, 901 (2018), Application(s): Human blood plasma, Abstract;
Hydrogen sulfide attenuates renin angiotensin and aldosterone pathological signaling to preserve kidney function and improve exercise tolerance in heart: Z. Li, et al.; JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 3, 796 (2018), Application(s): ELISA using mouse kidney, Abstract; Full Text
Hypertension enhances advanced atherosclerosis and induces cardiac death in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits: B. Ning, et al.; Am. J. Pathol. 188, 2936 (2018), Abstract;
Post-translational modifications of eNOS augment nitric oxide availability and facilitates hypoxia adaptation in Ladakhi women: Pooja, et al.; Nitric Oxide 78, 103 (2018), Application(s): ELISA using human plasma, Abstract;
Prorenin independently causes hypertension and renal and cardiac fibrosis in cyp1a1-prorenin transgenic rats: G. Zhou, et al.; Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 132, 1345 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
12-Lipoxygenase Inhibition on Microalbuminuria in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes Is Associated with Changes of Glomerular Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Related to Insulin Resistance: H.Z. Xu, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, E684 (2016), Application(s): Measurement of Angiotensin levels in rat, Abstract; Full Text
Endothelial actions of atrial natriuretic peptide prevent pulmonary hypertension in mice: F. Werner, et al.; Basic Res. Cardiol. 111, 22 (2016), Application(s): Measurement of lung immunoreactivity Angiotensin II, Abstract; Full Text
Modulation of the sympathetic nervous system by renal denervation prevents reduction of aortic distensibility in atherosclerosis prone ApoE-deficient rats: M. Hohl, et al.; J. Transl. Med. 14, 167 (2016), Abstract; Full Text
Oxidative stress increases the risk of pancreatic β cell damage in chronic renal hypertensive rats: S. Gao, et al.; Physiol. Rep. 4, e12900 (2016), Application(s): OGTT and plasma aldosterone levels, Abstract; Full Text
Angiotensin(1-7) and ACE2, “The Hot Spots” of Renin-Angiotensin System, Detected in the Human Aqueous Humor: M. Holappa, et al.; Open Ophthalmol. J. 9, 28 (2015), Application(s): ELISA using human aqueous humor samples , Abstract; Full Text
Arsenic causes aortic dysfunction and systemic hypertension in rats: Augmentation of angiotensin II signaling: P. Waghe, et al.; Chem. Biol. Interact. 237, 104 (2015), Application(s): ELISA using rat plasma, Abstract;
Attenuation of renovascular hypertension by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor partly through ANP release: B. M. Park, et al.; Peptides 69, 1 (2015), Application(s): ELISA using plasma, Abstract;
Neuronal over-expression of ACE2 protects brain from ischemia-induced damage: J. Chen, et al.; Neuropharmacology 79, 550 (2014), Application(s): Quantification of angiotensin II in murine plasma, Abstract;
Thyroid hormone is required for hypothalamic neurons regulating cardiovascular functions: J. Mittag, et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 123, 509 (2013), Application(s): ELISA using mouse serum, Abstract; Full Text
Effects of cardiac preload reduction and dobutamine on hepatosplanchnic blood flow regulation in porcine endotoxemia: S.M. Jakob, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 303, G247 (2012), Application(s): ELISA using pig plasma, Abstract; Full Text
Influence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor-associated protein on prenatal development and adult hypertension after maternal dietary protein restriction during pregnancy: K. Tsukuda, et al.; J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 6, 324 (2012), Application(s): ELISA using mouse plasma, Abstract;
