Protocol validated with known inhibitors and activators of autophagic activity
Selective and comprehensive staining allows differentiation between autophagic flux and autophagolysosome accumulation
Negligible staining of lysosomes reduces background seen with other dyes
Facilitates high-throughput screening of activators and inhibitors of autophagy
Enzo Life Sciences CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit measures autophagic vacuoles and monitors autophagic flux in lysosomally inhibited live cells using a novel dye that selectively labels accumulated autophagic vacuoles. The 488nm-excitable green dye has been optimized through the identification of titratable functional moieties that allow for minimal staining of lysosomes while exhibiting bright fluorescence upon incorporation into pre-autophagosomes, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes (autophagolysosomes). The kit also includes the Hoechst 33342 dye for the nuclear staining, an Autophagy Inducer (Rapamycin) and a Lysosomal Inhibitor (Chloroquine).
Mechanism of Action
The probe is a cationic amphiphilic tracer (CAT) dye that rapidly partitions into cells in a similar manner as drugs that induce phospholipidosis. Careful selection of titratable functional moieties on the dye prevents its accumulation within lysosomes, but enables labeling of vacuoles associated with the autophagy pathway.
CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit
Time-saving, rapid and comprehensive labeling of autophagic vacuoles without transfection. For the purpose of demonstrating advantages of CYTO-ID® Green detection reagent, HeLa cells were first transfected with RFP-LC3 expression vector, treated with 10 µM Tamoxifen overnight, then stained with CYTO-ID® Green detection reagent. Unlike overnight transfection-based assays, the CYTO-ID® Green detection reagent approach labels 100% of cells in 15-30 minutes. Panel A: Green signal indicating CYTO-ID® Green staining of autophagic vesicles; Panel B: RFP-LC3 expression (red) in a subset of successfully transfected cells; Panel C: Composite image, showing CYTO-ID® Green dye-labeled vesicles co-localize with LC3, a specific marker of autophagosomes.
Profile autophagy without transfection. Figure 1A: CHO cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 transfected cell lines results in relatively poor baseline separation of control-vs-starved cell populations, making quantification of autophagy difficult. Figure adapted from Shvets E, Fass E, Elazar Z. Figure 1B: The CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit specifically labels autophagic vacuoles independent of LC3 protein and eliminates the need for transfection. HeLa cells were subjected to starvation and recovery and then labeled with CYTO-ID® Green detection reagent. The dye enables clear detection and quantification of autophagic and pre-autophagic vacuoles that directly correlates to induction of autophagy.
Visualization of autophagic accumulation and autophagic flux. Autophagic vacuole accumulation and flux are both detected by CYTO-ID® Autophagy Green dye as observed by fluorescence microscopy. HeLa cells were mock-induced with 0.2% DMSO (A ) or induced with 100 uM Clonidine hydrochloride (B), 5 uM Loperamide hydrochloride (C ) or 1 uM PP242 hydrate (D) for 12 hours at 37°C. After treatment, cells were incubated with CYTO-ID® Green Detection reagent for 10 min at 37°C and then washed with assay buffer. Nuclei were counter-stained in blue with Hoechst 33342 dye.
Eliminate background resulting from non-specific lysosomal staining. CYTO-ID® Green dye eliminates background staining of lysosomes seen with other lysosomotrophic dye-based assays that utilize monodansylcadaverine (MDC) (bottom panel). The CYTO-ID® Autophagy kit eliminates the need for a 350 nm UV laser for live cell analysis, and is compatible for use with Hoechst dyes for co-labeling in microscopy applications.
Overnight incubation of HepG2 cells with Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR kinase, results in an increase in CYTO-ID® dye signal.
Flow cytometry-based profiling of autophagy with CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit: Control (red-lined peak) uninduced and 10uM Tamoxifen (ALX-550-095) treated (blue-filled peak) Jurkat cells (T-cell leukemia) were used. After 18 hours treatment, cells were loaded with CYTO-ID® Green Detection Reagent, then analyzed without washing by flow cytometry. Results are presented by histogram overlays. Control cells were stained as well but mostly display low fluorescence. In the samples treated with 10uM Tamoxifen for 18 hours, CYTO-ID® Green dye signal increases about 2-fold, indicating that Tamoxifen causes an increase in autophagy in Jurkat cells.
Flow cytometry-based profiling of autophagy with CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit: Control (red-lined peak) uninduced and 10uM Tamoxifen (ALX-550-095) treated (blue-filled peak) Jurkat cells (T-cell leukemia) were used. After 18 hours treatment, cells were loaded with CYTO-ID® Green Detection Reagent, then analyzed without washing by flow cytometry. Results are presented by histogram overlays. Control cells were stained as well but mostly display low fluorescence. In the samples treated with 10uM Tamoxifen for 18 hours, CYTO-ID® Green dye signal increases about 2-fold, indicating that Tamoxifen causes an increase in autophagy in Jurkat cells.
Schematic depiction of autophagy. Cytosolic material is sequestered by an expanding membrane sac, the phagophore, resulting in the formation of a double-membrane vesicle, an autophagosome. The outer membrane of the autophagosome subsequently fuses with the lysosome, and the internal material is degraded in the autolysosome. Various regulators of autophagy are also depicted in the diagram.
The CYTO-ID® Autophagy detection kit provides a rapid, specific and quantitative approach for monitoring autophagy in live cells by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and microplate reader.
Quality Control:
A sample from each lot of CYTO-ID® Autophagy detection kit is used to stain HeLa Cells as described in user manual. CYTO-ID® autophagy detection reagent is incorporated into induced cells, observed as accumulative typical spherical vacuoles in foci or throughout cytoplasm. Comparing to untreated HeLa cells, treated sample demonstrate significant increase in fluorescence under microscope.
Quantity:
For -K200 size:
200 flow cytometry assays, 250 microscopy assays or 3 x 96-well microplate assays.
For -0050 size:
50 flow cytometry assays, 60 microscopy assays or 1 x 96-well microplate assays.
Use/Stability:
With proper storage, the kit components are stable for one year from date of receipt.
Handling:
Protect from light. Avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Shipping:
Blue Ice
Short Term Storage:
-20°C
Long Term Storage:
-80°C
Contents:
CYTO-ID® Green Detection Reagent
Hoechst 33342 Nuclear Stain
Autophagy Inducer (Rapamycin)
Chloroquine Control
10X Assay Buffer
Scientific Background:
Autophagy is a stress-induced protective mechanism. Less active under basal conditions, the mechanism is utilized by eukaryotic cells through lysosome-mediated bulk degradation of cellular contents when subjected to certain hostile conditions such as nutrient depletion and chemical or environmental stress. The role of increased autophagic activity in the pathology of cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and diabetes has become widely recognized and commonly studied. Induction of autophagic flux can be visualized by enhanced accumulation of autophagic vesicles if lysosomal function is inhibited, preventing removal of these vesicles.
Technical Info/Product Notes:
The CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection kit is a member of the CELLESTIAL® product line, reagents and assay kits comprising fluorescent molecular probes that have been extensively benchmarked for live cell analysis applications.
Amorfrutin B Protects Mouse Brain Neurons from Hypoxia/Ischemia by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Autophagy Processes Through Gene Methylation- and miRNA-Dependent Regulation: K. Przepiórska, et al.; Mol. Neurobiol. 60, 576 (2023), Abstract;
Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible agerelated microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration: R.M. Ritzel, et al.; Sci. Adv. 9, eadd1101 (2023), Abstract;
CNS serotonin content mediating food deprivation-enhanced learning is regulated by hemolymph tryptophan concentration and autophagic flux in the pond snail: Y. Totani, et al.; Nutr. Neurosci. 26, 217 (2023), Abstract;
Functional restoration of lysosomes and mitochondria through modulation of AKT activity ameliorates senescence: M.U. Kuk, et al.; Exp. Gerontol. 173, 112091 (2023), Abstract;
Impaired Autophagy in Krabbe Disease: The Role of BCL2 and Beclin-1 Phosphorylation: N. Papini, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 5984 (2023), Abstract;
Nanoparticles of folic acid-methyl-b-cyclodextrin (FA-MbCD)/adamantane-albumin exhibit enhanced antitumor activity compared with FA-MbCD alone: A. Sakai, et al.; FEBS Open Bio 13, 233 (2023), Abstract;
Novel hydroxamic acid derivative induces apoptosis and constrains autophagy in leukemic cells: M.A. Fischer, et al.; J. Adv. Res. (2023), Abstract;
Surface-Modified Inhaled Microparticle-Encapsulated Celastrol for Enhanced Efficacy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: X. Wang, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 5204 (2023), Abstract;
Syk regulates the haemocyte autophagy through inducing the mRNA expressions of autophagy-related genes and the cleavage of CgLC3 in oyster antibacterial immunity: H. Yao, et al.; Fish Shellfish Immunol. Rep. 4, 100085 (2023), Abstract;
Targeting Annexin A1 as a Druggable Player to Enhance the Anti-Tumor Role of Honokiol in Colon Cancer through Autophagic Pathway: X. Wang, et al.; Pharmaceuticals 16, 70 (2023), Abstract;
3,4,5-O-tricaffeoylquinic acid with anti-radiation activity suppresses LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via autophagy in THP-1 macrophages: J. Liu, et al.; Mol. Immunol. 147, 187 (2022), Abstract;
A Combination therapy using an mTOR inhibitor and Honokiol effectively induces autophagy through the modulation of AXL and Rubicon in renal cancer cells and restricts renal tumor growth following organ transplantation: A. Sabarwal, et al.; Carcinogenesis 43, 360 (2022), Abstract;
A peptide interfering with the dimerization of oncogenic KITENIN protein and its stability suppresses colorectal tumour progression: S.J. Kim et al.; Clin. Transl. Med. 12, e871 (2022), Abstract;
Activated amino acid response pathway generates apatinib resistance by reprograming glutamine metabolism in non-small-cell lung cancer: X. Zhou, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 13, 636 (2022), Abstract;
Air Plasma-Activated Medium Evokes a Death-Associated Perinuclear Mitochondrial Clustering: M. Suzuki-Karasaki, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 1124 (2022), Abstract;
Alcohol Metabolism Enriches Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer Stem Cells That Survive Oxidative Stress via Autophagy: M. Shimonosono, et al.; Biomolecules 11, 1479 (2022), Abstract;
Anti-neoplastic sulfonamides alter the metabolic homeostasis and disrupt the suppressor activity of regulatory T cells: R. Gedaly, et al.; Sci. Rep. 12, 19112 (2022), Abstract;
Asiatic acid from Cyclocarya paliurus regulates the autophagy-lysosome system via directly inhibiting TGF-β type I receptor and ameliorates diabetic nephropathy fibrosis: X.X. Zhang, et al.; Food Funct. 13, 5536 (2022), Abstract;
Autophagy induced by taurolidine protects against polymicrobial sepsis by promoting both host resistance and disease tolerance: J. Huang, et al.; PNAS 119, e2121244119 (2022), Abstract;
Autophagy Promotes Hepatic Cystogenesis in Polycystic Liver Disease via Depletion of Cholangiocyte Ciliogenic Proteins: A.I. Masyuk, et al.; Hepatology 75, 1110 (2022), Abstract;
BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199 and BCL2L1 inhibitor WEHI-539 coordinately promote NOXA-mediated degradation of MCL1 in human leukemia cells: J.T. Chiou, et al.; Chem. Biol. Interact. 361, 109978 (2022), Abstract;
Bee Venom Triggers Autophagy-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer Cells via the mTOR Signaling Pathway: J.E. Yu, et al.; J. Oncol. 2022, 8916464 (2022), Abstract;
Bioreactor expansion reconfigures metabolism and extracellular vesicle biogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro: R. Jeske, et al.; Biochem Eng. J. 188, 108711 (2022), Abstract;
Camboginol and Morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz Flower Extract Promote Autophagic Cell Death against Human Glioblastoma Cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: T. Siangcham, et al.; Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 27, 376 (2022), Abstract;
Celastrol upregulated ATG7 triggers autophagy via targeting Nur77 in colorectal cancer: W. Zhang, et al.; Phytomedicine 104, 154280 (2022), Abstract;
Cellular Effects of Cyclodextrins: Studies on HeLa Cells: Á. Rusznyák, et al.; Molecules 27, 1589 (2022), Abstract;
Combined Levo-tetrahydropalmatine and diphenyleneiodonium chloride enhances antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma: X. Yin, et al.; Pharmacol. Res. 179, 106219 (2022), Abstract;
Gallium(III) Complex with Cloxyquin Ligands Induces Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells and Is a Potent Agent against Both Differentiated and Tumorigenic Cancer Stem Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells: M. Hreusova, et al.; Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2022, 3095749 (2022), Abstract;
GSTO1 confers drug resistance in HCT‑116 colon cancer cells through an interaction with TNFαIP3/A20: S. Paul, et al.; Int. J. Oncol. 61, 137 (2022), Abstract;
HIF-1α/FOXO1 axis regulated autophagy is protective for β cell survival under hypoxia in human islets: R. Liang, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1868, 166356 (2022), Abstract;
Identification of distinct slow mode of reversible adaptation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to the prolonged acidic pH microenvironment: T.C. Wu, et al.; J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 41, 137 (2022), Abstract;
Inhibition of B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins alters optical redox ratio, mitochondrial polarization, and cell energetics independent of cell state: A.A. Gillette, et al.; J. Biomed. Opt. 27, 056505 (2022), Abstract;
Integrative analysis of the miRNA-mRNA regulation network in hemocytes of Penaeus vannamei following Vibrio alginolyticus infection: F. Wang, et al.; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 131, 104390 (2022), Abstract;
Magnesium Homeostasis in Myogenic Differentiation - A Focus on the Regulation of TRPM7, MagT1 and SLC41A1 Transporters: M. Zocchi, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 1658 (2022), Abstract;
miR-23b-3p Modulating Cytoprotective Autophagy and Glutamine Addiction in Sorafenib Resistant HepG2, a Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line: R. Kaur, et al.; Genes 13, 1375 (2022), Abstract;
MiR-302a Regenerates Human Corneal Endothelial Cells against IFN-γ-Induced Cell Death: S.H. Park, et al.; Cells 12, 36 (2022), Abstract;
Nanoparticle formulation of the fusion protein virus like particles of respiratory syncytial virus stimulates enhanced in vitro antigen presentation and autophagy: I. Menon, et al.; Int. J. Pharm. 623, 121919 (2022), Abstract;
NEDD4L binds the proteasome and promotes autophagy and bortezomib sensitivity in multiple myeloma: X. Huang, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 13, 197 (2022), Abstract;
Nigrosporins B, a Potential Anti-Cervical Cancer Agent, Induces Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy in Human Cervical Cancer Ca Ski Cells Mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway: J. Zhang, et al.; Molecules 27, 2431 (2022), Abstract;
Oleic acid from cancer-associated fibroblast promotes cancer cell stemness by stearoyl-CoA desaturase under glucose-deficient condition: S.H. Hwang, et al.; Cancer Cell Int. 22, 404 (2022), Abstract;
PHF20 is crucial for epigenetic control of starvation-induced autophagy through enhancer activation: S.W. Park, et al.; Nucleic Acids Res. 50, 7856 (2022), Abstract;
Phloroglucinol Attenuates DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium ARPE-19 Cells by Blocking the Production of Mitochondrial ROS: C. Park, et al.; Antioxidants 11, 2353 (2022), Abstract;
Protective autophagy decreases lorlatinib cytotoxicity through Foxo3a-dependent inhibition of apoptosis in NSCLC: C. Lu, et al.; Cell Death Discov. 8, 221 (2022), Abstract;
Regulatory Effects of Astragaloside IV on Hyperglycemia-Induced Mitophagy in Schwann Cells: X. Wei, et al.; Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2022, 7864308 (2022), Abstract;
Sexual identity of enterocytes regulates autophagy to determine intestinal health, lifespan and responses to rapamycin: J.C. Regan, et al.; Nat. Aging 2, 1145 (2022), Abstract;
Siah-1-interacting protein regulates mutated huntingtin protein aggregation in Huntington’s disease models: E. Latoszek, et al.; Cell Biosci. 12, 34 (2022), Abstract;
Snake venom induces an autophagic cell death via activation of the JNK pathway in colorectal cancer cells: J.E. Yu, et al.; J. Cancer 13, 3333 (2022), Abstract;
Spautin-1 inhibits mitochondrial complex I and leads to suppression of the unfolded protein response and cell survival during glucose starvation: K. Kunimasa, et al.; Sci. Rep. 12, 11533 (2022), Abstract;
Stevia and Stevioside Attenuate Liver Steatosis through PPARα-Mediated Lipophagy in db/db Mice Hepatocytes: M. Park, et al.; Antioxidants 11, 2496 (2022), Abstract;
The preventive effect of loganin on oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells: C. Park, et al.; Biosci. Trends 16, 291 (2022), Abstract;
ABCE1 Regulates RNase L-Induced Autophagy during Viral
Infections: B. Ramnan, et al.; Viruses 14, 316 (2021), Abstract; Full Text
Advanced Maternal Age Deteriorates the Developmental Competence of Vitrified Oocytes in Mice: J. H. Lee, et al.; Cells 10, 1563 (2021), Abstract;
Aggregated Tau-PHF6 (VQIVYK) Potentiates NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression and Autophagy in Human Microglial Cells: C. Panda, et al.; Cells 10, 1652 (2021), Abstract;
Alpha-1 antitrypsin counteracts heme-induced endothelial cell inflammatory activation, autophagy dysfunction and death: K. Madyaningrana, et al.; Redox Biol. 46, 10260 (2021), Abstract;
Alpha1-antitrypsin counteracts heme-induced endothelial cell inflammatory activation, autophagy dysfunction and death: K. Madyaningrana, et al.; Redox Biol. 46, 102060
(2021), Abstract;
AMPK-Mediated Metabolic Switching Is High Effective for Phytochemical Levo-Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) to Reduce Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumor Growth: X. Yin, et al.; Metabolites 11, 811 (2021), Abstract;
Anti-Androgen Therapy Radiosensitizes Androgen Receptor Positive Cancers to F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose: I. Singaravelu, et al.; J. Nucl. Med. 121, 262958 (2021), Abstract;
Areca nut extract (ANE) inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activation of ROS production and activation of autophagy: P.L. Wei, et al.; Int. J. Med. Sci. 18, 3452 (2021), Abstract;
Atractylodin inhibited the migration and induced autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38MAPK signalling pathways: B. Acharya, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36, 1093 (2021), Abstract;
Autophagy-Mediated Activation of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Driven by Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived IL-15: G. Ye, et al.; Stem Cell Reports 16, 926 (2021), Abstract;
Carnosine suppresses human colorectal cancer cell proliferation by inducing necroptosis and autophagy and reducing angiogenesis: S.L. Hsieh, et al.; Oncol. Lett. 23, 44 (2021), Abstract;
Cellular Toxicity Mechanisms and the Role of Autophagy in Pt(IV) Prodrug-Loaded Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Enhanced Drug Delivery: L.G. Romero, et al.; Pharmaceutics 13, 1730 (2021), Abstract;
Cynaroside protects the blue light-induced retinal degeneration through alleviating apoptosis and inducing autophagy in vitro and in vivo: J.H. Feng, et al.; Phytomedicine 88, 153604 (2021), Abstract;
Features of the Population of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Isolated after Stimulation with Concanavalin A and Thioglycolate: E.S. Zubkova, et al.; Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 171, 532 (2021), Abstract;
Gαq activation modulates autophagy by promoting mTORC1 signaling: S. Cabezudo, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 4540 (2021), Abstract;
Hematopoiesis under telomere attrition at the single-cell resolution: N. Thongon, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 6850 (2021), Abstract;
Inhibiting autophagy targets human leukemic stem cells and hypoxic AML blasts by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis: K.M. Dykstra, et al.; Blood Adv. 5, 2087 (2021), Abstract;
Interleukin-27 promotes autophagy in human serum-induced primary macrophages via an mTOR- and LC3-independent pathway: S. Laverdure, et al.; Sci. Rep. 11, 14898 (2021), Abstract;
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Arising From the Synergy Between ND1 3635G>A Mutation and Mitochondrial YARS2 Mutations: X. Jin, et al.; Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 62, 22 (2021), Abstract;
Peroxisome Deficiency Dysregulates Fatty Acid Oxidization and Exacerbates Lipotoxicity in β Cells: H. Guan, et al.; Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2021, 7726058 (2021), Abstract;
PLAC8 promotes adriamycin resistance via blocking autophagy in breast cancer: Y. Chen, et al.; J. Cell. Mol. Med. (2021), Abstract;
Pva-miR-252 participates in ammonia nitrogen-induced oxidative stress by modulating autophagy in Penaeus vannamei: F. Wang, et al.; Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 225, 112774 (2021), Abstract;
Resuming Sensitivity of Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells to Tamoxifen by Tetrandrine: Y. Wang, et al.; Integr. Cancer Ther. 20, 1534735421996822 (2021), Abstract;
REV1 Inhibition Enhances Radioresistance and Autophagy: K.E. Ikeh, et al.; Cancers 13, 5290 (2021), Abstract;
Self-assembly of an anion receptor with metal-dependent kinase inhibition and potent in vitro anti-cancer properties: S. J. Allison, et al.; Nat. Commun. 12, 3898 (2021), Abstract;
Serum supplementation during bovine embryo culture affects their development and proliferation through macroautophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation: E.J. Soto-Moreno, et al.; PLoS One 16, e0260123 (2021), Abstract;
Substrate Reduction Therapy Reverses Mitochondrial, mTOR, and Autophagy Alterations in a Cell Model of Gaucher Disease: Y. Peng, et al.; Cells 10, 2286 (2021), Abstract;
Tumor-treating fields as a proton beam-sensitizer for glioblastoma therapy: W.S. Lee, et al.; Am. J. Cancer Res. 11, 4582 (2021), Abstract;
Urban Aerosol Particulate Matter Promotes Necrosis and Autophagy via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cellular Disorders that are Accompanied by Cell Cycle Arrest in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: H. Lee, et al.; Antioxidants 10, 149 (2021), Abstract;
β2-adrenergic receptor signaling regulates metabolic pathways critical to myeloid-derived suppressor cell function within the TME: H. Mohammadpour, et al.; Cell Rep. 37, 109883 (2021), Abstract;
Autophagy occurs in lymphocytes infiltrating Sjögren’s syndrome minor salivary glands and correlates with histological severity of salivary gland lesions: S. Colafrancesco, et al.; Arthritis Res. Ther. 22, 238 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Autophagy plays a protective role during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis via ROS-MAPK pathway: L. Han, et al.; Innate Immun. 26, 580 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Benzo[a]pyrene represses DNA repair through altered E2F1/E2F4 function marking an early event in DNA damage-induced cellular senescence: S. Allmann, et al.; Nucleic Acids Res. 48, 12085 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Circular RNA_101237 mediates anoxia/reoxygenation injury by targeting let‑7a‑5p/IGF2BP3 in cardiomyocytes: J. Gan, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Med. 45, 451 (2020), Abstract;
Hellebrigenin Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Effects Based on Apoptosis and Autophage: X. Wei, et al.; PeerJ 8, e9011 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Intravaginal poly-(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-(polyethylene glycol) drug-delivery nanoparticles induce pro-inflammatory responses with Candida albicans infection in a mouse model: T.T. Lina, et al.; PLoS One 15, e0240789 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Live imaging of alterations in cellular morphology and organelles during cornification using an epidermal equivalent model: S. Ipponjima, et al.; Sci. Rep. 10, 5515 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Optimized Low pH Formulation of Niacinamide Enhances Induction of Autophagy Marker ATG5 Gene Expression and Protein Levels in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes: J.E. Oblong, et al.; J. Eur Acad. Dermatol. Venerol. 34 Suppl 3, 3 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Photodynamic therapy induces autophagy-mediated cell death in human colorectal cancer cells via activation of the ROS/JNK signaling pathway: C. Song, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 11, 938 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Tetrahydrobenzimidazole TMQ0153 triggers apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis crosstalk in chronic myeloid leukemia: S. Song, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 11, 109 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
TNFAIP8 regulates autophagy, cell steatosis, and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation: S. Niture, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 11, 178 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
A study of autophagy in hemocytes of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: S. Picot, et al.; Autophagy 15, 1801 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Apoptosis, Paraptosis and Autophagy: Death and Survival Pathways Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: D. Kessel; Photochem. Photobiol. 95, 119 (2019), Application(s): Microscopy on ovary cancer cell line (OVCAR-5), Abstract;
Are There Thresholds in Glioblastoma Cell Death Responses Triggered by Temozolomide?: Y. He & B. Kaina; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 1562 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Bromelain inhibits the ability of colorectal cancer cells to proliferate via activation of ROS production and autophagy: T.C. Chang, et al.; PLoS One 14, e0210274 (2019), Application(s): Flow cytometry using HCT116 and HT-29 cells, Abstract; Full Text
Disturbances in H+ dynamics during environmental carcinogenesis: D. Lagadic-Gossmann, et al.; Biochimie 163, 171 (2019), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using F258 cells, Abstract;
Dopamine-melanin nanoparticles scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and activate autophagy for osteoarthritis therapy: G. Zhong, et al.; Nanoscale 11, 11605 (2019), Abstract;
Enhanced Autophagy Contributes to Reduced Viral Infection in Black Flying Fox Cells: E.D. Laing, et al.; Viruses 11, 260 (2019), Application(s): Fluorescence Microscopy of HEK293T cells, Abstract; Full Text
Examining Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction Using Acute Chemical Induction of an Ageing Phenotype: S. Masoud, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 197 (2019), Abstract;
Identification of Beclin-1 from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) involved in viral infection: J. Cai, et al.; Fish Shellfish Immunol. 94, 336 (2019), Abstract;
Impaired autophagic and mitochondrial functions are partially restored by ERT in Gaucher and Fabry diseases: M.M. Ivanova, et al.; PLoS One 14, e0210617 (2019), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy, Abstract; Full Text
Impaired function of aorta and perivascular adipose tissue in IL-18-deficient mice: W. Li, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 317, H1142 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Increased clusterin levels after myocardial infarction is due to a defect in protein degradation systems activity: A. Turkieh, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 10, 608 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Iron induces insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes via regulation of oxidative stress: H.K. Sung, et al.; Sci. Rep. 9, 4668 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Leptin stimulates autophagy/lysosome-related degradation of long-lived proteins in adipocytes: N. Goldstein, et al.; Adipocyte 8, 51 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy: Y. Rong, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 10, 340 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Pivotal role of mitophagy in response of acute myelogenous leukemia to a ceramide-tamoxifen-containing drug regimen: S.A.F. Morad, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 381, 256 (2019), Abstract;
Propyl gallate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through the induction of ROS and the activation of autophagy: P.L. Wei, et al.; PLoS One 14, e0210513 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
SPARC induces phenotypic modulation of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy: T. Li, et al.; Neurosci. Lett. 712, 134485 (2019), Abstract;
Targeting autophagy potentiates the anti-tumor effect of PARP inhibitor in pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia: Y. Liu, et al.; AMB Express 9, 108 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
The increased activity of a transcription factor inhibits autophagy in diabetic embryopathy: C. Xu, et al.; Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 220, 108.e1 (2019), Abstract;
Activation of RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling Triggers Autophagy Through the MAVS-TRAF6-Beclin-1 Signaling Axis: N.R. Lee, et al.; Front. Immunol. 9, 2096 (2018), Application(s): Fluorescence Microscopy of HEK293T cells, Abstract; Full Text
Acute exposure to organic and inorganic sources of copper: Differential response in intestinal cell lines: J. Keenan, et al.; Food Sci. Nutr. 6, 2499 (2018), Application(s): Microplate assay using Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, Abstract; Full Text
Association between autophagy and inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving biologic therapy: Y.M. Chen, et al.; Arthritis Res. Ther. 20, 268 (2018), Application(s): Flow cytometry to detect autophagosome levels in circulating immune cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Abstract; Full Text
cAMP-mediated autophagy inhibits DNA damage-induced death of leukemia cells independent of p53: S. Skah, et al.; Oncotarget 9, 30434 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Conjugation with Phenylalanine Enhances Autophagy-Inducing Activity of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate in Hepatic Cells: Y.M. Lee, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 66, 12741 (2018), Abstract;
Depletion of gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase in cancer cells induces autophagy followed by cellular senescence: L. Taniguchi, et al.; Am. J. Cancer Res. 8, 650 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to pharmorubicin by promoting autophagy via PI3K/Akt pathway: L. Pei, et al.; J. Cell. Mol. Med. 22, 5311 (2018), Abstract;
HMGB1 knockdown increases MM cell vulnerability by regulating autophagy and DNA damage repair: X. Guo, et al.; J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 37, 205 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Hydroxycamptothecin mediates antiproliferative effects through apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells: Y. Wei, et al.; Oncol. Lett. 15, 6322 (2018), Abstract;
Live Mycobacterium leprae inhibits autophagy and apoptosis of infected macrophages and prevents engulfment of host cell by phagocytes: Y. Ma, et al.; Am. J. Transl. Res. 10, 2929 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Multiscale and Multimodal Approaches to Study Autophagy in Model Plants: J. Marion, et al.; Cells 7, 5 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Naïve CD8+ T-Cells Engage a Versatile Metabolic Program Upon Activation in Humans and Differ Energetically From Memory CD8+ T-Cells: F. Nicoli, et al.; Front. Immunol. 9, 2736 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Novel small molecule SIRT2 inhibitors induce cell death in leukemic cell lines: T. Kozako, et al.; BMC Cancer 18, 791 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Partial Hepatectomy-Induced Upregulation of miR-1907 Accelerates Liver Regeneration by Activation Autophagy: T. Lu, et al.; Biomed. Res. Int. 2018, 3817057 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Serotonin induced hepatic steatosis is associated with modulation of autophagy and notch signaling pathway: S. Niture, et al.; Cell Commun. Signal. 16, 78 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family 5 Enhances Autophagy and Fine-Tunes Cytokine Response in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells via Stabilization of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8: Z. Agod, et al.; Front Immunol. 9, 62 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
TP53 is required for BECN1- and ATG5-dependent cell death induced by sphingosine kinase 1 inhibition: S. Lima, et al.; Autophagy 11, 1 (2018), Abstract;
Adipose tissue conditioned media support macrophage lipid-droplet biogenesis by interfering with autophagic flux: S. Bechor, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1862, 1001 (2017), Application(s): Co-localisation with LC3-mCherry in macrophages, Abstract;
Akt targeting as a strategy to boost chemotherapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer through metabolism suppression: M. Le Grand, et al.; Sci. Rep. 7, 45136 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Ambroxol enhances anti-cancer effect of microtubule-stabilizing drug to lung carcinoma through blocking autophagic flux in lysosome-dependent way: X. Zhang, et al.; Am. J. Cancer Res. 7, 2406 (2017), Abstract;
Autophagy maintains the metabolism and function of young and old (hematopoietic) stem cells: T.T. Ho, et al.; Nature 543, 205 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Chloroquine inhibits human CD4+ T-cell activation by AP-1 signaling modulation: R.L.J. Schmidt, et al.; Sci. Rep. 7, 42191 (2017), Application(s): Flow cytometry of human PBMC-derived, activated CD4+ T-Cells, Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of autophagy as a treatment strategy for p53 wild-type acute myeloid leukemia: H. Folkerts, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 8, e2927 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Novel insights into the antioxidant role of tauroursodeoxycholic acid in experimental models of Parkinson's disease: A.I. Rosa, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1863, 2171 (2017), Abstract;
Polyethylene glycol-functionalized poly (Lactic Acid-co-Glycolic Acid) and graphene oxide nanoparticles induce pro-inflammatory and apoptotic responses in Candida albicans-infected vaginal epithelial cells: R.D. Wagner, et al.; PLoS One 12, e0175250 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Protein kinase C-alpha suppresses autophagy and induces neural tube defects via miR-129-2 in diabetic pregnancy: F. Wang, et al.; Nat. Commun. 8, 15182 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Salinomycin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by inhibition of autophagicflux: J. Klose, et al.; Oncotarget 9, 3619 (2017), Application(s): Autophagic flux in Cholangiocarcinoma cells, Abstract; Full Text
Silica sub-microspheres induce autophagy in an endocytosis dependent manner: D. Huang, et al.; RSC Adv. 7, 12496 (2017), Full Text
SPARC paucity alleviates superoxide-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in diabetogenic hepatocytes: K.R. Aseer, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 108, 874 (2017), Application(s): Fluorescence microplate reader using rat hepatocytes, Abstract;
Sub-lethal oxidative stress induces lysosome biogenesis via a lysosomal membrane permeabilization-cathepsin-caspase 3-transcription factor EB-dependent pathway: S.M. Leow, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 16170 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
The triterpenoid CDDO-imidazolide ameliorates mouse liver ischemia-reperfusion injury through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway enhanced autophagy: D. Xu, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 8, e2983 (2017), Application(s): Fluorescence Microscopy of primary mouse hepatocytes, Abstract; Full Text
Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer: A.B. Cabang, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 104347 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
UBE2L6/UBCH8 and ISG15 attenuate autophagy in esophageal cancer cells: C.M. Falvey, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 23479 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Vorinostat and metformin sensitize EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC cells via BIM-dependent apoptosis induction: H. Chen, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 93825 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
A comparison of strategies for immortalizing mouse embryonic fibroblasts: M.M. St. Amad, et al.; J. Biol. Methods 3, e41 (2016), Application(s): Detected autophagy induction in SV40 transformed versus serially passed MEFs, Full Text
Activation of autophagy by FOXO3 regulates redox homeostasis during osteogenic differentiation: M.C. Gómez-Puerto, et al.; Autophagy 12, 1804 (2016), Abstract; Full Text
An mtDNA mutation accelerates liver aging by interfering with the ROS response and mitochondrial life cycle: J. Niemann, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 102, 174 (2016), Abstract;
Astemizole-Histamine induces Beclin-1-independent autophagy by targeting p53-dependent crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis: R. Jakhar, et al.; Cancer Lett. 372, 89 (2016), Application(s): Flow cytometry analysis, Abstract;
Atg5 Is Essential for the Development and Survival of Innate Lymphocytes: T.E. O'Sullivan, et al.; Cell Rep. 15, 1910 (2016), Application(s): Liver lymphocytes were harvested and stained with cell surface antibodies and then incubated with 1:400 Cyto-ID Autophagy Detection Reagent, Abstract; Full Text
Atg7 suppression enhances chemotherapeutic agent sensitivity and overcomes stroma-mediated chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia: S. Piya, et al.; Blood 128, 1260 (2016), Application(s): Flow Cytometry in human leukemic cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Autophagy and apoptosis: studies on the effects of bisthiosemicarbazone copper(ii) complexes on p53 and p53-null tumour cell lines: F. Bisceglie et al.; Metallomics 8, 1255 (2016), Abstract;
Autophagy and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Tenon Fibroblasts from Exfoliation Glaucoma Patients: A. Want, et al.; PLoS One 11, e0157404 (2016), Application(s): Comparing autophagic flux rates between the XFS and POAG derived TF lines, Abstract; Full Text
Autophagy in siRNA-mediated PRKAR1A knockdown canine osteosarcoma cells: J. Wong; (2016), (master's thesis); Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy to visualize fluorescnt probe tagged proteins to study autophagic activity of cells, Full Text
Autophagy-related gene 5 and Wnt5 signaling pathway requires differentiation of embryonic stem cells into odontoblast-like cells: N. Ozeki, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 341, 92 (2016), Application(s): Autophagy flux, Abstract;
Blockade of Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins in Combination with Conventional Chemotherapy Leads to Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Medulloblastoma and Cancer Stem-Like Cells: S.M. Chen, et al.; PLoS One 11, e0161299 (2016), Application(s): Detection of autophagy, cell lysates, Abstract; Full Text
Bone morphogenetic protein-induced cell differentiation involves Atg7 and Wnt16 sequentially in human stem cell-derived osteoblastic cells: N. Ozeki, et al.; Exp. Cell. Res. 4827, 30181 (2016), Application(s): Autophagy flux by immunofluorescence microscopy, Abstract;
Cationic liposomes induce cell necrosis through lysosomal dysfunction and late-stage autophagic flux inhibition: K. Yang, et al.; Nanomedicine (Lond.) 11, 3117 (2016), Abstract;
DHA-induced stress response in human colon cancer cells-focus on oxidative stress and autophagy: K. Pettersen, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 90, 158 (2016), Application(s): Autophagy determined by flow cytometry, Abstract;
Diosgenin induces ROS-dependent autophagy and cytotoxicity via mTOR signaling pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia cells: S. Jiang, et al.; Phytomedicine 23, 243 (2016), Application(s): Confocal immunofluorescence, Abstract;
Downregulated endogenous sulfur dioxide/aspartate aminotransferase pathway is involved in angiotensin II-stimulated cardiomyocyte autophagy and myocardial hypertrophy in mice: Q. Chen, et al.; Int. J. Cardiol. 225, 392 (2016), Application(s): Examine the effect of endogenous SO2 on autophagy in Ang II-stimulated cardiomyocytes, Abstract;
Efavirenz causes oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in endothelial cells: M. Weiss, et al.; Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 16, 90 (2016), Abstract;
IRS1 deficiency protects β-cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis by modulating sXBP-1 stability and protein translation: T. Takatani, et al.; Sci. Rep. 6, 28177 (2016), Application(s): Autophagy assay, to examine the effects of eEF2K activity on autophagy, Abstract; Full Text
Lithocholic acid induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in human prostate cancer cells: A.A. Gafar, et al.; PeerJ 4, e2445 (2016), Abstract; Full Text
MiR-193b promotes autophagy and non-apoptotic cell death in oesophageal cancer cells: M.J. Nyhan, et al.; BMC Cancer 16, 101 (2016), Application(s): Assay used to stain live cells, Abstract; Full Text
Trifloxystrobin-induced mitophagy through mitochondrial damage in human skin keratinocytes: Y. Jang, et al.; J. Toxicol. Sci. 41, 731 (2016), Abstract;
(Pro)renin receptor regulates autophagy and apoptosis in podocytes exposed to high glucose: C. Li, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 309, E302 (2015), Application(s): Confocal microscopy using mouse podocytes, Abstract;
A rapid and high content assay that measures cyto-ID-stained autophagic compartments and estimates autophagy flux with potential clinical applications: S. Guo, et al.; Autophagy 11, 560 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescent detection, Microplate Reader , Abstract; Full Text
A Systems Approach Identifies Essential FOXO3 Functions at Key Steps of Terminal Erythropoiesis: R. Liang, et al.; PLoS Genet. 11, e1005526 (2015), Application(s): Autophagy flux measured by flow cytometry , Abstract; Full Text
ABT-888 enhances cytotoxic effects of temozolomide independent of MGMT status in serum free cultured glioma cells: R.K. Balvers, et al.; J. Transl. Med. 13, 74 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Activation of autophagy in response to nanosecond pulsed electric field exposure: J.C. Ullery, et al.; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 458, 411 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using U937 monocyte and CHO-K1 cell lines, Abstract;
Aflatoxin biosynthesis is a novel source of reactive oxygen species-a potential redox signal to initiate resistance to oxidative stress?: L.V. Roze, et al.; Toxins (Basel). 7, 1411 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Alisertib induces cell cycle arrest and autophagy and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition involving PI3K/Akt/mTOR and sirtuin 1-mediated signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancer cells: F. Wang, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 575 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using PANC-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Alisertib, an Aurora kinase A inhibitor, induces apoptosis and autophagy but inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human epithelial ovarian cancer: Y.H. Ding, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 425 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using SKOV3 and OVCAR-4 ovarian cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Alisertib, an Aurora kinase A inhibitor, induces apoptosis and autophagy but inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human epithelial ovarian cancer cells: Y.H. Ding, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 425 (2015), Abstract; Full Text
Andrographolide Analogue Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy Mediated Cell Death in U937 Cells by Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway: D. Kumar, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0139657 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometric analysis of Cyto-ID Green Detection Reagent , Abstract; Full Text
Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by Resveratrol Is Partially Mediated by the Autophagy Pathway in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells: F. Lang, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0129196 (2015), Application(s): Live Cell Imaging, Abstract; Full Text
Araguspongine C induces autophagic death in breast cancer cells through suppression of c-Met and HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: M.R. Akl, et al.; Mar. Drugs 13, 288 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using BT-474 breast cancer cell line, Abstract; Full Text
Autocrine VEGF maintains endothelial survival through regulation of metabolism and autophagy: C.K. Domigan, et al.; J. Cell. Sci. 128, 2236 (2015), Abstract;
Autophagy is activated in systemic lupus erythematosus and required for plasmablast development: A.J. Clarke, et al.; Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 912 (2015), Abstract; Full Text
Autophagy limits proliferation and glycolytic metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia: A.S. Watson, et al.; Cell Death Discov. 1, 15008 (2015), Application(s): CytoID assay in human and mouse HSCs, Abstract; Full Text
Baicalin inhibits autophagy induced by influenza A virus H3N2: H.Y. Zhu, et al.; Antiviral Res. 113, 62 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using A549 human lung cancer cell line, Abstract;
Bardoxolone methyl induces apoptosis and autophagy and inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness in esophageal squamous cancer cells: Y.Y. Wang, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 993 (2015), Application(s): Flow Cytometry, Abstract; Full Text
Cell-penetrating peptide derived from human eosinophil cationic protein inhibits mite allergen Der p 2 induced inflammasome activation: S.J. Yu, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0121393 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry of THP-1 leukemia cell line, Abstract; Full Text
Chemoproteomics Reveals Novel Protein and Lipid Kinase Targets of Clinical CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Lung Cancer: N.J. Sumi, et al.; ACS Chem. Biol. 10, 2680 (2015), Application(s): Quantification of autophagosomes, Abstract;
Circulating hemocytes from larvae of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle Allomyrina dichotoma (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and the cellular immune response to microorganisms: S. Hwang, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0128519 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using hemocytes from Japanese rhinoceros beetle Allomyrina dichotoma larvae, Abstract; Full Text
Citreoviridin induces ROS-dependent autophagic cell death in human liver HepG2 cells: Y.N. Liu, et al.; Toxicon. 95, 30 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using HepG2 cell line, Abstract;
Clozapine induces autophagic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells: Y.C. Yin, et al.; Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 35, 945 (2015), Abstract;
Coffee and caffeine potentiate the antiamyloidogenic activity of melatonin via inhibition of Aβ oligomerization and modulation of the Tau-mediated pathway in N2a/APP cells: L.F. Zhang, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 241 (2015), Application(s): Flow Cytometry, Abstract; Full Text
Combination of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 with temozolomide and radiation effectively inhibits the growth of glioblastoma cells in culture: H. Burckel, et al.; Oncol. Rep. 33, 471 (2015), Abstract;
Danusertib Induces Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy but Inhibits Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Involving PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells: D. Zi, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 27228 (2015), Application(s): Confocal fluorescence microscopy, Abstract; Full Text
Danusertib, a potent pan-Aurora kinase and ABL kinase inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death and inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition involving the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated signaling pathway in human gastric cancer AGS and NCI-N78 cells: C.X. Yuan, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1293 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using AGS and NCI-N78 gastric cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Defective autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells alters contractility and Ca²⁺ homeostasis in mice: C.F. Michiels, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 308, H557 (2015), Abstract;
Effects of cyclodextrins on GM1‐gangliosides in fibroblasts from GM1‐gangliosidosis patients: Y. Maeda, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 67, 1133 (2015), Abstract;
Endurance exercise training induces fat depot-specific differences in basal autophagic activity: G. Tanaka, et al.; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 466, 512 (2015), Application(s): Detect the formation of autophagosomes, Abstract;
Erbin is a novel substrate of the Sag-βTrCP E3 ligase that regulates KrasG12D-induced skin tumorigenesis: C.M. Xie, et al.; J. Cell. Biol. 209, 721 (2015), Abstract;
Evaluation of Antitumor Effects of Folate-Conjugated Methyl-β-cyclodextrin in Melanoma: K. Motoyama, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 38, 374 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence Microscopy, Abstract; Full Text
Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 promotes autophagy during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy: A.C. Laurent, et al.; Cardiovasc. Res. 105, 55 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using rat neonatal ventricular myocytes, Abstract;
Glutathione-S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1-1) acts as mediator of signaling pathways involved in aflatoxin B1-induced apoptosis-autophagy crosstalk in macrophages: S. Paul, et al.; Free Radic. Biol. Med. 89, 1218 (2015), Application(s): Determination of autophagy with immunocytochemistry , Abstract;
GMI, an immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma microsporum, potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis via autophagy in lung cancer cells: I.L. Hsin, et al.; Mol. Pharm. 12, 1534 (2015), Abstract;
Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via sirtuin1- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathways by plumbagin in human prostate cancer cells: Z.W. Zhou, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1511 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Induction of autophagy is a key component of all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation in leukemia cells and a potential target for pharmacologic modulation: N. Orfali, et al.; Exp. Hematol. 43, 781 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry analysis of NB4 and HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cell lines, Abstract;
Inhibition of Autophagy Potentiated the Antitumor Effect of Nedaplatin in Cisplatin-Resistant Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells: Z. Liu, et al. ; PLoS One 10, e0135236 (2015), Application(s): Cell culture, Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of mitotic Aurora kinase A by alisertib induces apoptosis and autophagy of human gastric cancer AGS and NCI-N78 cells: C.X. Yuan, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 487 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using AGS and NCI-N78 gastric cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 signaling regulates the switch between autophagy and apoptosis to determine breast cancer cell fate: J.L. Schwartz-Roberts, et al.; Cancer Res. 75, 1046 (2015), Abstract;
Interplay of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in PAMAM Dendrimers-Induced Neuronal Cell Death : Y. Li, et al.; Theranostics 5, 1363 (2015), Application(s): Confocal fluorescence assay, Abstract; Full Text
Invariant NKT cells require autophagy to coordinate proliferation and survival signals during differentiation: B. Pei, et al.; J. Immunol. 194, 5872 (2015), Abstract;
Involvement of fish signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in nodavirus infection induced cell death: Y. Huang, et al.; Fish Shellfish Immunol. 43, 241 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy of Grouper (fish) brain cells, Abstract;
Is the autophagy a friend or foe in the silver nanoparticles associated radiotherapy for glioma?: H. Wu, et al.; Biomaterials 62, 47 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using U251 human glioma cell line, Abstract;
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induces Nrf2 activation in latently infected endothelial cells through SQSTM1 phosphorylation and interaction with polyubiquitinated Keap1: O. Gjyshi, et al.; J. Virol. 89, 2268 (2015), Abstract;
KLF4-SQSTM1/p62-associated prosurvival autophagy contributes to carfilzomib resistance in multiple myeloma models: I. Riz, et al.; Oncotarget 6, 17814 (2015), Application(s): FACS, Abstract; Full Text
Lithium modulates autophagy in esophageal and colorectal cancer cells and enhances the efficacy of therapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo: T.R. O'Donovan, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0134676 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry analysis using human esophageal and murine colon cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation to Human Keratinocytes: G. Soong, et al.; MBio. 6, e00289-15 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Mevalonate pathway regulates cell size homeostasis and proteostasis through autophagy: T.P. Miettinen, et al.; Cell Rep. 13, 2610 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry analysis of autophagy using Jurkat, U2OS, Kc167 and HUVEC cells, Abstract;
MiR-29b replacement inhibits proteasomes and disrupts aggresome+autophagosome formation to enhance the antimyeloma benefit of bortezomib: S. Jagannathan, et al.; Leukemia 29, 727 (2015), Application(s): Detection of autophagy by fluorescence microscopy in multiple myeloma cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Molecular chaperone GRP78 enhances aggresome delivery to autophagosomes to promote drug resistance in multiple myeloma: M.A. Abdel Malek, et al.; Oncotarget 6, 3098 (2015), Application(s): Confocal Microscopy, Abstract; Full Text
Molecular cloning and characterization of autophagy-related gene TmATG8 in Listeria-invaded hemocytes of Tenebrio molitor: H. Tindwa, et al.; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 51, 88 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using hemocytes from Tenebrio molitor larvae, Abstract;
Molecular pathway of near-infrared laser phototoxicity involves ATF-4 orchestrated ER stress: I. Khan, et al.; Sci. Rep. 5, 10581 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy autophagy assay, Abstract; Full Text
N-Myc and STAT Interactor regulates autophagy and chemosensitivity in breast cancer cells: B.J. Metge, et al.; Sci. Rep. 5, 11995 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescent detection, Abstract; Full Text
Novel autophagy inducers lentztrehaloses A, B and C: S.I. Wada, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 68, 521 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using Mewo melanoma and OVK18 ovarian cancer cell lines, Abstract;
Novel small-molecule SIRT1 inhibitors induce cell death in adult T-cell leukaemia cells: T. Kozako, et al.; Sci. Rep. 5, 11345 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using a variety of cancer cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Novel targeting of PEGylated liposomes for codelivery of TGF-β1 siRNA and four antitubercular drugs to human macrophages for the treatment of mycobacterial infection: a quantitative proteomic study: N. Niu, et al. ; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 4441 (2015), Application(s): Autophagy of human macrophages by flow cytometry, Abstract;
Overexpression of microRNA-30a inhibits hepatitis B virus X protein-induced autophagosome formation in hepatic cells: S. Kumar, et al.; FEBS J. 282, 1152 (2015), Application(s): Autophagosome formation assay, HepG2 cells, Abstract;
Paraptosis cell death induction by the thiamine analog benfotiamine in leukemia cells: N. Sugimori, et al.; PLoS One 10, e0120709 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using HL60 leukemia cell line, Abstract; Full Text
Plumbagin induces G2/M arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via p38 MAPK- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells: S.T. Pan, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1601 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic effects of the Aurora kinase A inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) on human osteosarcoma U-2 OS and MG-63 cells through the activation of mitochondria-mediated pathway and inhibition of p38 MAPK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway: N.K. Niu, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1555 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
Reduced FoxO3a expression causes low autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts on collagen matrix: J. Im, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 309, L552 (2015), Abstract;
Runx1 Deficiency Decreases Ribosome Biogenesis and Confers Stress Resistance to Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells: X. Cai, et al.; Cell Stem Cell 17, 165 (2015), Application(s): Flow Cytometry of mouse hematomoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), Abstract; Full Text
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-competitive inhibitors of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 induce autophagy and enhance drug sensitivity in cancer cells: T.P. Liu, et al.; Anticancer Drugs 26, 139 (2015), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, Abstract; Full Text
Schisandrin B inhibits cell growth and induces cellular apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hepatocytes and macrophages: implications for its hepatotoxicity: Y. Zhang, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 2001 (2015), Application(s): Flow cytometry using AML-12 hepatocyte and RAW 264.7 leukemia cell lines, Abstract; Full Text
Src/STAT3-dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by promoting autophagy: Q. Tan, et al.; Cancer Sci. 106, 1023 (2015), Abstract;
The CCL2 chemokine is a negative regulator of autophagy and necrosis in luminal B breast cancer cells: W.B. Fang, et al.; Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 150, 309 (2015), Abstract;
The investigational Aurora kinase A inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) induces cell cycle G2/M arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via p38 MAPK and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in human breast cancer cells: J.P. Li, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1627 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
The pan-inhibitor of Aurora kinases danusertib induces apoptosis and autophagy and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cells: J.P. Li, et al.; Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1027 (2015), Application(s): Assay, Abstract; Full Text
The role of autophagy in the cytotoxicity induced by recombinant human arginase in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: C. Lin, et al.; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 99, 8487 (2015), Abstract;
A Novel CXCR3-B Chemokine Receptor-induced Growth-inhibitory Signal in Cancer Cells Is Mediated through the Regulation of Bach-1 Protein and Nrf2 Protein Nuclear Translocation : M. Balan & S. Pal; J. Biol. Chem. 289, 3126 (2014), Application(s): Monitor autophagy in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, Abstract;
Adaptive responses to glucose restriction enhance cell survival, antioxidant capability, and autophagy of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: K.Y. Huang, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1840, 53 (2014), Abstract;
Autophagy in the brain of neonates following hypoxia-ischemia shows sex-and region-specific effects: S.N. Weis, et al.; Neuroscience 256, 201 (2014), Abstract;
Cannabinoid-induced autophagy regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in intestinal epithelium: L.C. Koay, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 307, G140 (2014), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in human colonic epithelial cell line Caco-2 by Confocal imaging, Abstract; Full Text
Caveolin-1 Is a Critical Determinant of Autophagy, Metabolic Switching, and Oxidative Stress in Vascular Endothelium: T. Shiroto, et al.; PLoS One 9, e87871 (2014), Abstract; Full Text
Connective tissue diseases: How do autoreactive B cells survive in SLE-autophagy?: N.J. Bernard; Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10, 128 (2014), (Review), Abstract;
Defective Autophagosome Trafficking Contributes to Impaired Autophagic Flux in Coronary Arterial Myocytes Lacking CD38 Gene: Y. Zhang, et al.; Cardiovasc. Res. 102, 68 (2014), Abstract;
Defects in mitochondrial clearance predispose human monocytes to interleukin-1β hyper-secretion: R. van der Burgh, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 289, 5000 (2014), Abstract; Full Text
Early biomarkers of response to carfilzomib in multiple myeloma (MM): Modulation of CXCR4 and induction of autophagy: M. Bhutani, et al.; J. Clin. Oncol. 32, e19572 (2014), Application(s): Quantification of autophagy in malignant plasma cells from bone marrow aspirates by flow cytometry with the Cyto-ID autophagy detection kit,
Enhancement of dynein-mediated autophagosome trafficking and autophagy maturation by ROS in mouse coronary arterial myocytes: M. Xu, et al.; J. Cell. Mol. Med. 18, 2165 (2014), Abstract; Full Text
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Autophagic Activity with Cyto-ID Staining in Primary Cells: M. Stankov, et al.; Bio-Protocol (2014), Application(s): FC in primary BMDCs, Full Text
High-Content Assays for Hepatotoxicity Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells: O. Sirenko, et al.; Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 12, 43 (2014), Abstract; Full Text
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia by suppressing autophagy: M.V. Stankov, et al.; Leukemia 28, 577 (2014), Abstract;
Histone deacetylase inhibitors potentiate VSV oncolysis in prostate cancer cells by modulating NF-κB dependent autophagy: L. Shulak, et al.; J. Virol. 88, 2927 (2014), Abstract;
In vitro and in vivo characterization of porcine acellular dermal matrix for gingival augmentation procedures: A.M. Pabst, et al.; J. Periodontal. Res. 49, 371 (2014), Abstract;
Inhibition of Autophagic Flux by Salinomycin Results in Anti-Cancer Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: J. Klose, et al.; PLoS One 9, e95970 (2014), Application(s): Autophagy detection in human hepatocellular carcinoma , Abstract; Full Text
Inhibition of stress induced premature senescence in presenilin-1 mutated cells with water soluble Coenzyme Q10: D. Ma, et al.; Mitochondrion 17C, 106 (2014), Application(s): Autophagic vacuoles in Alzheimer's Disease fibroblasts detected with CytoID® Green Autophagy Detection kit, Abstract;
Involvement of autophagy in recombinant human arginase-induced cell apoptosis and growth inhibition of malignant melanoma cells: Z. Wang, et al.; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 2485 (2014), Abstract;
MiR-216a: a link between endothelial dysfunction and autophagy: R. Menghini, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 5, e1029 (2014), Abstract;
Novel estradiol analogue induces apoptosis and autophagy in esophageal carcinoma cells: E. Wolmarans, et al.; Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 19
, 98 (2014), Application(s): Autophagy detection in esophageal carcinoma SNO cell , Abstract;
Novel sorafenib-based structural analogues: in-vitro anticancer evaluation of t-MTUCB and t-AUCMB: A.T. Wecksler, et al.; Anticancer Drugs 25, 433 (2014), Abstract;
Photodynamic therapy with the novel photosensitizer chlorophyllin f induces apoptosis and autophagy in human bladder cancer cells: D. Lihuan, et al.; Lasers Surg. Med. 46, 319 (2014), Abstract;
Plumbagin induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer cells: Y.C.Li, et al.; Cancer Lett. 344, 239 (2014), Abstract;
Potential of adenovirus-mediated REIC/Dkk-3 gene therapy for use in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: D. Uchida, et al.; J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 29, 973 (2014), Abstract;
Sirt1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy in heart: A. Guilbert, et al.; Cardiovasc. Res. 103 (suppl 1), S13 (2014), Application(s): Evaluation of Autophagy in H9c2 cells, rat cardiomyoblasts by flow cytometry, Full Text
STAT3 down regulates LC3 to inhibit autophagy and pancreatic cancer cell growth: J. Gong, et al.; Oncotarget 5, 2529 (2014), Application(s): Autophagic vacuole formation was detected by microscopy and autophagosome formation was determined by flow cytometry in human
pancreatic cancer cells Capan-2, Abstract; Full Text
T-Cell Autophagy Deficiency Increases Mortality and Suppresses Immune Responses after Sepsis: C.W. Lin, et al.; PLoS One 9, e102066 (2014), Application(s): Quantification of autophagosomes and autolysosomes staining in CD4+ and CD8+ cell population by flow cytometry , Abstract; Full Text
Tetracyclines cause cell stress-dependent ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition: A. Brüning, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 320, 281 (2014), Abstract;
The core autophagy protein ATG4B is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in CML stem/progenitor cells: K. Rothe, et al.; Blood 123, 3622 (2014), Application(s): Monitor autophagy flux in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, Abstract;
Androgen deprivation and androgen receptor competition by bicalutamide induce autophagy of hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells and confer resistance to apoptosis: B. Boutin, et al.; Prostate 73, 1090 (2013), Application(s): Measurement of autophagic flux in prostate cancer cells, Abstract;
Arenobufagin, a natural bufadienolide from toad vonem, induces apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: D.M. Zhang, et al.; Carcinogenesis 34, 1331 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection in hepatocellular carcinoma, Abstract;
Autophagy Plays a Critical Role in ChLym-1-Induced Cytotoxicity of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cells: J. Fan, et al.; PLoS One. 8, e72478 (2013), Abstract; Full Text
BCL-2 inhibitors sensitize therapy-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to VSV oncolysis: S. Samuel, et al.; Mol. Ther. 21, 1413 (2013), Abstract;
Bleomycin exerts ambivalent antitumor immune effect by triggering both immunogenic cell death and proliferation of regulatory T cells: H. Bugaut, et al.; PLoS One 8, e65181 (2013), Application(s): Measurement of autophagy by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, Abstract; Full Text
Celecoxib enhances radiosensitivity of hypoxic glioblastoma cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress: K. Suzuki, et al.; Neuro. Oncol. 15, 1186 (2013), Abstract;
Chloroquine Engages the Immune System to Eradicate Irradiated Breast Tumors in Mice: J.A. Ratikan, et al.; Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 87, 761 (2013), Abstract;
Dietary Resveratrol Prevents Development of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplastic Lesions: Involvement of SIRT1/S6K Axis: G. Li, et al.; Cancer Prev. Res 6, 27 (2013), Application(s): Effects of Resveratrol on prostate tumorigenesis, Abstract;
Enhancement of autophagy by simvastatin through inhibition of Rac1-mTOR signaling pathway in coronary arterial myocytes: Y.M. Wei, et al.; Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 31, 925 (2013), Abstract; Full Text
GX15-070 (obatoclax) induces apoptosis and inhibits cathepsin D and L mediated autophagosomal lysis in antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells: J.L. Schwartz-Roberts, et al.; Mol. Cancer Ther. 12, 448 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection in breast cancer cells, Abstract;
Hydroxychloroquine preferentially induces apoptosis of CD45RO+ effector T cells by inhibiting autophagy: A possible mechanism for therapeutic modulation of T cells: J. van Loodregt, et al.; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
131, 1443 (2013), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in CD4+ T cells and PBMC by flow cytometry , Abstract; Full Text
Interactions between autophagic and endo-lysosomal markers in endothelial cells: C.L. Oeste, et al.; Histochem. Cell. Biol. 139, 659 (2013), Abstract;
Involvement of cholesterol depletion from lipid rafts in apoptosis induced by methyl-β-cyclodextrin: R. Onodera, et al.; Int. J. Pharm. 452, 116 (2013), Application(s): Measurement of autophagy by fluorescence microscopy, Abstract;
ISG15 deregulates autophagy in genotoxin-treated ataxia telangiectasia cells: S.D. Desai, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 288, 2388 (2013), Application(s): Fluorescence microscopy using Ataxia Telangiectasia cells, Abstract; Full Text
Lysosomal basification and decreased autophagic flux in oxidatively stressed trabecular meshwork cells: Implications for glaucoma pathogenesis: K. Porter, et al.; Autophagy 9, 581 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection by flow cytometry in porcine TM cells, Abstract; Full Text
Nelfinavir and bortezomib inhibit mTOR activity via ATF4-mediated sestrin-2 regulation: A. Brüning; Mol. Oncol. 7, 1012 (2013), Abstract;
Recombinant human arginase induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells: X. Zeng, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 4, e840 (2013), Abstract; Full Text
Regulation of autophagic flux by dynein-mediated autophagosomes trafficking in mouse coronary arterial myocytes: M. Xu, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1833, 3228 (2013), Abstract;
Renal cancer-selective Englerin A induces multiple mechanisms of cell death and autophagy: R.T. Williams, et al.; J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 32, 57 (2013), Application(s): Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence of a human kidney carcinoma cell line, Abstract; Full Text
Saxifragifolin D induces the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells through ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress: J.M. Shi, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 85, 913 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection by flow cytometry in breast cancer cells, Abstract;
Suppression of autophagy enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis of interferon-β in human glioma cells: Y. Li, et al.; Mol. Neurobiol. 47, 1000 (2013), Abstract;
Survival and death strategies in glioma cells: autophagy, senescence and apoptosis triggered by a single type of temozolomide-induced DNA damage: A.V. Knizhnik, et al.; PLoS One 8, e55665 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection by flow cytometry in glioma cells, Abstract; Full Text
The effect of Zhangfei on the unfolded protein response and growth of cells derived from canine and human osteosarcomas: T. Bergeron, et al.; Vet. Comp. Oncol. 11, 140 (2013), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in human and canine osteosarcoma, Abstract;
The mTOR inhibitor RAD001 potentiates autophagic cell death induced by temozolomide in a glioblastoma cell line: E. Josset, et al.; Anticancer Res. 33, 1845 (2013), Abstract;
Therapeutic Combination of Nanoliposomal Safingol and Nanoliposomal Ceramide for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: T.J. Brown, et al.; J. Leuk. 1, 110 (2013), Application(s): Detection of autophagy by flow cytometry in Human HL-60 , HL-60/VCR, and murine C1498 cells, Full Text
Type I interferons induce autophagy in certain human cancer cell lines: H. Schmeisser, et al.; Autophagy 9, 683 (2013), Application(s): Autophagy detection in type I interferon-treated human cancer cell lines, Abstract;
A novel image-based cytometry method for autophagy detection in living cells: L.L. Chan, et al.; Autophagy 8, 1371 (2012), Abstract; Full Text
Apoptosis and autophagy have opposite roles on imatinib-induced K562 leukemia cell senescence: C. Drullion, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 3, e373 (2012), Application(s): Flow cytometry of human CML cells treated with Imatinib, Abstract; Full Text
Counteracting autophagy overcomes resistance to everolimus in mantle cell lymphoma: L. Rosich, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 5278 (2012), Abstract; Full Text
Heme Oxygenase-1 Promotes Survival of Renal Cancer Cells through Modulation of Apoptosis-and Autophagy-regulating Molecules: P. Banerjee, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 287, 4962 (2012), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in human renal cancer cells, Abstract;
Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter 2 induces senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and suppresses progression of colorectal malignancies in vivo: I. Lee, et al.; Mol. Cancer Ther. 11, 2342 (2012), Abstract; Full Text
Mechanism for the induction of cell death in ONS-76 medulloblastoma cells by Zhangfei/CREB-ZF: T.W. Bodnarchuk, et al.; J. Neurooncol. 109, 485 (2012), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in medulloblastoma cells, Abstract;
Mitochondrial metabolism in Parkinson's disease impairs quality control autophagy by hampering microtubule-dependent traffic: D.M. Arduíno, et al.; Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 4680 (2012), Abstract; Full Text
Proteasome inhibition by quercetin triggers macroautophagy and blocks mTor activity: A.K. Klappan, et al.; Histochem. Cell Biol. 137, 25 (2012), Abstract;
Reovirus as a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of multiple myeloma: C.M. Thirukkumaran, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 4962 (2012), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in human myeloma cell lines and ex vivo tumor specimens, Abstract;
Src inhibition with saracatinib reverses fulvestrant resistance in ER-positive ovarian cancer models in vitro and in vivo: F.A. Simpkins, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 5911 (2012), Application(s): Detection of autophagy in human ovarian cancer cells and xenografts, Abstract;
FoxM1 knockdown sensitizes human cancer cells to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis but not to autophagy: B. Pandit, et al.; Cell Cycle 10, 3269 (2011), Application(s): Flow cytometry using human cancer cells, Abstract; Full Text
Monitoring of autophagy in Chinese hamster ovary cells using flow cytometry: J.S. Lee, et al.; Methods 56(3), 375 (2011), Abstract;
Selective anticancer activity of a hexapeptide with sequence homology to a non-kinase domain of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4: H.M. Warenius, et al.; Mol. Cancer 10, 72 (2011), Abstract;
Silibinin triggers apoptotic signaling pathways and autophagic survival response in human colon adenocarcinoma cells and their derived metastatic cells: H. Kauntz, et al.; Apoptosis 16, 1042 (2011), Abstract;
General Literature References
A live-cell fluorescence microplate assay suitable for monitoring vacuolation arising from drug or toxic agent treatment: J. Coleman, et al.; J. Biomol. Screen. 15, 398 (2010), Abstract;
Methods in mammalian autophagy research: N. Mizushima, et al.; Cell 140, 313 (2010), Abstract;
Assays to Assess Autophagy Induction and Fusion of Autophagic Vacuoles with a Degradative Compartment, Using Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and DQ-BSA: C.L. Vazquez & M.I. Colombo; Methods Enzymol. 452, 85 (2009), Abstract;
Desmethylclomipramine induces the accumulation of autophagy markers by blocking autophagic flux: M. Rossi, et al.; J. Cell Sci. 122, 3330 (2009), Abstract;
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes: D.J. Klionsky, et al.; Autophagy 4, 151 (2008), Abstract;
