Cited in several environment-related research articles
Microcystin-LY (MC-LY) is an analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Arg. Its toxicity is intermediate between the more toxic microcystin-LF (Prod. No. ALX-350-081) and the less toxic microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012).
Product Details
Alternative Name:
MC-LY
Formula:
C52H71N7O13
MW:
1002.2
Source:
Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa.
CAS:
123304-10-9
Purity:
≥95% (HPLC)
Identity:
Identity determined by MS.
Appearance:
Whitish film adhered to inside of the vial.
Solubility:
Soluble in 100% ethanol or methanol.
Shipping:
Ambient Temperature
Long Term Storage:
-20°C
Use/Stability:
Stock solutions are stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Unstable at pH > 7.7.
Handling:
For maximum product recovery after thawing, centrifuge the vial before opening the cap.
Scientific Background:
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes mostly present in freshwater ecosystems. The increasingly frequent appearance of cyanobacteria blooms in lakes and rivers is linked to climate changes and human activities. Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacterial genera. The most notable of which, and namesake, is the widespread genus Microcystis. Structurally, all microcystins consist of the generalized structure cyclo(-D-Ala1-X2-D-MeAsp3-Y4-Adda5-D-Glu6-Mdha7-). X and Y are variable L-amino acids, D-MeAsp is D-erythro-β-methylaspartic acid and Mdha is N-methyldehydroalanine. Adda is the cyanobacteria unique C20 β-amino acid 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-deca-4,6-dienoic acid. Substitutions of the variable L-amino acids at positions 2 and 4 give rise to at least 21 known primary microcystin analogs and alterations in the other constituent amino acids result in more than 90 reported mycrocystins to date.
Regulatory Status:
RUO - Research Use Only
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Product Literature References
A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins: A.D. Turner, et al.; Toxins 15, 27 (2023), Abstract;
A Summer of Cyanobacterial Blooms in Belgian Waterbodies: Microcystin Quantification and Molecular Characterizations: W.H.R. Van Hassel, et al.; Toxins 14, 61 (2022), Abstract;
Adsorption of cyanotoxins on polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate: Microplastics as vector of eight microcystin analogues: D.S. Moura, et al.; Environ. Pollut. 303, 119135 (2022), Abstract;
Identification of Novel Microcystins Using High-Resolution MS and MSn with Python Code: D. Baliu-Rodriguez, et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 1652 (2022), Abstract;
LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins: W.H.R. Van Hassel, et al.; Toxins 14, 513 (2022), Abstract;
An ELISA-based Method for Variant-independent Detection of Total 3 Microcystins and Nodularins via Multi-immunogen Approach: J. Liu, et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 12984 (2021), Abstract;
Comparison of UV-A photolytic and UV/TiO 2 photocatalytic effects on Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystin analogues: A pilot scale study: I. Menezes, et al.; J. Environ. Manage. 298, 113519 (2021), Abstract;
Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities: Z. Tazart, et al.; Microorganisms 9, 1782 (2021), Abstract;
Selective and easy detection of microcystin-LR in freshwater using a bioactivated sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes on filter paper: M. Lee, et al.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 192, 113529 (2021), Abstract;
Ecotoxicological profiling of selected cyanobacterial strains using multi-endpoint effect-directed analysis: P. Marić, et al.; Ecotoxicology 29, 535 (2020), Application(s): Used as standards, Abstract;
Exposure to aerosolized algal toxins in South Florida increases short- and long-term health risk in Drosophila model of aging: J. Hu, et al.; Toxins 12, 787 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Machine Learning Prediction of Cyanobacterial Toxin (Microcystin) Toxicodynamics in Humans: S. Altaner, et al.; ALTEX 37, 24 (2020), Abstract;
Microcystin Toxins at Potentially Hazardous Levels in Algal Dietary Supplements Revealed by a Combination of Bioassay, Immunoassay, and Mass Spectrometric Methods: T. Miller, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 68, 8016 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Microcystins and Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 extracts modulate steroidogenesis differentially in the human H295R adrenal model: V. Mallia, et al.; PLoS One 15, 12 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC-MS/MS Platform: J.A. Birbeck, et al.; Toxins (Basel) 11, 653 (2019), Abstract; Full Text
Development and single-laboratory validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of microcystins and nodularin in natural water, cyanobacteria, shellfish and algal supplement tablet powders: A.D. Turner, et al.; J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 1074-1075, 111 (2018), Abstract;
First observation of microcystin- and anatoxin-a-producing cyanobacteria in the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland (the Baltic Sea): E. Chernova, et al.; Toxion 157, 18 (2018), Abstract;
Are We Underestimating Benthic Cyanotoxins? Extensive Sampling Results from Spain: E. A. Cantoral Uriza, et al.; Toxins (Basel) 9, 385 (2017), Abstract; Full Text
Simple, high efficiency detection of microcystins and nodularin-R in water by fluorescence polarization immunoassay: H. Zhang, et al.; Anal. Chim. Acta 992, 119 (2017), Abstract;
Effect of chlorination on the protein phosphatase inhibition activity for several microcystins: H. Mash, et al.; Water Res. 95, 230 (2016), Abstract;
Hepatotoxic Microcystin Removal Using Pumice Embedded Monolithic Composite Cryogel as an Alternative Water Treatment Method: F. Gurbuz, et al.; Water Res. 90, 337 (2016), Application(s): Injection, Abstract;
Biodegradation of multiple microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in clarifier sludge and a drinking water source: Effects of particulate attached bacteria and phycocyanin: E. Maghsoudi, et al.; Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 120, 409 (2015), Abstract;
Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis: C.J. Ward & G.A. Codd; J. Appl. Microbiol. 86, 874 (1999), Abstract;
Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa (strain 298): S. Rudolph-Bohner, et al.; Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 374, 635 (1993), Abstract;
The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal potencies of the microcystins: R.D. Stoner, et al.; Toxicon 27, 825 (1989), Abstract;
