Cyanobacterial toxins have been shown to be hazardous to humans and animals via direct and indirect routes of exposure such as ingestion of and contact with contaminated water, vegetables, fish/shellfish and through irrigation practices. Microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly encountered cyanotoxins. The toxins produced by Microcystis, Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Planktothrix cyanobacteria are defined by their cyclic heptapeptide structure as well as by the rare amino acids (ADDA or dehydroalanine) that they share. These toxins are potent inhibitors of the eukaryotic protein phosphatase families PP1 and PP2A leading to cell death (apoptosis). Studies have also shown that MCs play a role in liver toxicity and possibly even stimulate the growth of cancer cells following exposure.
More than a dozen countries have developed regulations or guidelines for microcystins in drinking water and recreational waters. Currently there are no mandatory U.S. federal water regulations for cyanotoxins in effect, but in 2015 the EPA issued 10-Day Drinking Water Health Advisories (HAs) for cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, and cylindrospermopsin to assist managers of public or community water systems in protecting the public from these contaminants.
<b>FIGURE 1:</b> 3D-structure of microcystin-LR/PP1A-crystalline complex. Courtesy of Prof. Marcel Jaspars, Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen.
Patented ELISA for rapid detection of microcystins and nodularins
Cross-reactivity pattern against microcystins and nodularin congeners
Nodularin, produced by brackish and freshwater species of Nodularia (most commonly N. spumigena), is a cyclic pentapeptide similar to microcystin-LR, which also possesses a characteristic Adda amino acid but with increased water solubility. Toxicity and mode of action of nodularin is similar to that of microcystins, the major difference is that the binding to protein phosphatases is irreversible. Nodularin is a great complementary tool to microcystins for studying cellular processes.
Cylindrospermopsin is a cyanobacterial cytotoxin comprising a tricyclic guanidine moiety combined with a hydroxymethyl uracil. It is produced by species of several genera, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii,
Anabaenopeptin A |
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| Inhibitor of protein phosphatase. | ||||||
| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-183-C100 | 100 µg | 292.00 USD |  |
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Anabaenopeptin B |
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| Inhibitor of protein phosphatase. | ||||||
| 161897-74-1, Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-184-C100 | 100 µg | 292.00 USD | |
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Hepatotox Set 1 |
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| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-850-325-KI01 | 1 Set | 1,198.00 USD | |
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[D-Asp3]microcystin-RR |
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| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-168-C025 | 25 µg | 233.00 USD | |
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| ALX-350-168-C100 | 100 µg | 502.00 USD | |
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Microcystin-LR (Analytical Standard) |
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| Inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A | ||||||
| 101043-37-2, Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥99% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-431-C010 | 10 µg | 227.00 USD | |
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Microcystin-RR (Analytical Standard) |
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| PP2A inhibitor | ||||||
| 111755-37-4, Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥99% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-432-C010 | 10 µg | 269.00 USD | |
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| Do you need bulk/larger quantities? | ||||||
Microcystin-HilR |
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| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-177-C025 | 25 µg | 246.00 USD | |
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Microcystin-HtyR |
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| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-174-C025 | 25 µg | 239.00 USD | |
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| ALX-350-174-C100 | 100 µg | 525.00 USD | |
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| Do you need bulk/larger quantities? | ||||||
[D-Asp3]microcystin-LR |
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| Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-173-C025 | 25 µg | 239.00 USD | |
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| ALX-350-173-C100 | 100 µg | 523.00 USD | |
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| Do you need bulk/larger quantities? | ||||||
Microcystin-WR |
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| 138234-58-9, Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-167-C025 | 25 µg | 248.00 USD | |
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| ALX-350-167-C100 | 100 µg | 534.00 USD | |
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| ALX-350-167-M001 | 1 mg | 3,884.00 USD | |
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Nodularin (linear) |
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| Precursor of the highly toxic cyclic pentapeptide, nodularin. | ||||||
| Isolated from Nodularia spumigena., ≥95% (HPLC) | Print as PDF | ||||||
| ALX-350-182-C100 | 100 µg | 282.00 USD | |
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