Prostaglandin Analysis

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The prostaglandins, together with the thromboxanes and prostacyclins, are fatty acid derivatives and a subclass of eicosanoids. Like all eicosanoids, the prostaglandins contain 20 carbon atoms and function as locally acting messenger molecules. They are produced at discrete sites acting as autocrine or paracrine factors rather than endocrine hormones. In the body, they mediate a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue.

Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) is synthesized from DGLA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and has been shown to have a number of biological actions, including vasodilation, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, platelet aggregation and has been shown to have insulin-like actions. PGE₁s effects are induced by receptor mediated elevation of cAMP.

Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is formed in a variety of cells from PGH₂, which itself is synthesized from arachidonic acid by the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase. PGE₂ has been shown to have a number of biological actions, including vasodilation, both anti- and proinflammatory action, modulation of sleep/wake cycles, and facilitation of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus. It elevates cAMP levels, stimulates bone resorption, and has thermoregulatory effects. Additionally, PGE₂ has been shown to be a regulator of sodium excretion and renal hemodynamics.

Prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) is formed in a variety of cells from PGH₂, which itself is synthesized from arachidonic acid by the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase. PGF_2α is often viewed as an antagonist to PGE₂ due to their opposing effects on various tissues. It is a potent bronchoconstrictor and has been implicated in asthma attacks. PGF2_α is also involved in reproductive functions including corpus luteum regulation, uterine contractions, and sperm motility. This has led to its use in terminating pregnancies and inducing labor at term. High levels of PGF2_α have also been associated with pre-eclampsia.