Post-translational Modification

Reversible protein acetylation, best characterized in the context of epigenetic modifications of histones, is now understood to be a major regulatory protein modification. Many non-histone proteins are known to be regulated by acetylation and enzymes that regulate reversible acetylation are active outside of the nucleus. Recent proteomic studies have identified over 3,500 acetylation sites in 1,700 acetylated proteins. Enzo Life Sciences offers a complete range of innovative HDAC, sirtuin and HAT reagents, including enzymes, substrates, antibodies, and inhibitors, facilitating characterization of both the regulation and the affect of acetylation on specific systems. In particular, the Fluor de Lys™ assay, a versatile non-radioactive assay for measuring HDAC and sirtuin activity, has become the standard approach for assessing deacetylation activity from lysates, purified enzymes, immunoprecipitates, or intact cells. The Acetyltransferase activity kit is a homogeneous mix-and-read fluorescent assay for the determination of any acetyl-CoA dependent acetyltransferase activity.

Lysine can be mono-, di- and trimethylated, while arginine can be both monomethylated symmetrically or asymmetrically dimethylated using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as the methyl group donor. The possibility of methylating multiple lysines or arginines in a single protein and to methylate each residue multiple ways has the potential to encode a great deal of regulatory information. Methylation of particular lysine residues in histone tails are implicated, along with a variety of other post-translational modifications, in the transmission of heritable epigenetic information and the control of chromatin structure and DNA transcription. ELS offers a growing range of tools to assist with lysine methylation / demethylation research, including methyl-specific antibodies, inhibitors, assay kits and enzymes for key methyltransferases and demethylases. The Methyltransferase activity kit and the LSD1 Drug Discovery Kit offer a means for identifying candidate inhibitors for methylases and the LSD1 demethylase respectively.

The phosphoproteome has been estimated to comprise about 6,600 phosphorylation sites in ~2,200 proteins, and is a modification that regulates an enormous and diverse array of proteins, signal transduction pathways and cellular processes. Enzo Life Sciences offers over 1,200 products for kinase research including 185 active recombinant kinases, over 100 kinase substrates, 16 kinase EIA kits, 300 phosphospecific or kinase-related antibodies, and 350 selective inhibitors available either individually or as part of our kinase inhibitor library.

With reagents for over 50 phosphatase targets and BIOMOL Green, our widely-cited and easy-to-use system from assaying phosphate and phosphatase activity, Enzo Life Sciences is a leading supplier of research tools for protein and lipid phosphatases.

Proteolytic processing is a major form of post translational modification that can lead to activation, inhibition or destruction of a protein's activity. Removal of a peptide segment from a proprotein is a common form of peptide & protein activation, and cleavage of internal peptide bonds can also lead to structural and functional changes in a protein's activity. There is no better way to irreversibly halt a biological process than to degrade the proteins that execute that process. If your modified protein is targeted for degradation by the proteasome, discover our comprehensive offering of high integrity tools, including purified active complexes, substrates, inhibitors and highly characterised proteosome subunit antibodies. Limited proteolysis by MMPs, ADAMs, caspases, DPPIV, among others, activates or inactivates many signaling targets including other proteases, growth factors and peptides.

Enzo Life Sciences offers a unique collection of products for investigating functional protein post-translational modification.  This includes products relating to ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like proteins (SUMO1/2/3, NEDD8, FAT10, ISG15, etc.)  With over 12 years of experience in this area, the offering now includes an extensive and rapidly expanding range of high integrity reagents including proteins, cascade enzymes (E1s, E2s & E3s), deconjugating enzymes (DCEs) and antibodies, including the “industry standard” clones FK1 and FK2.  Further simplify your research by using our efficient and effective, easy-to-use assay kits and detection/isolation systems.

Discover all of our Ubiquitinylation & SUMOylation products.

Enzo Life Sciences offer products for many other post-translational modifications including lipid modifications and glycosylation that play important roles in protein localization and secretion.