Nodularia spumigena is a cyanobacterium often found in drinking water in developing countries and capable of accumulating in fish and seafood. It produces nodularin, a genotoxic and hepatotoxic monocyclic pentapeptide. Nodularin inhibits protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC50=1.8nM), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC50=0.026nM), and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC50=8.7µm). Nodularin is similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) but with increased water solubility. Nodularin is capable of inducing oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines as well as apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Product Details
Formula:
C41H60N8O10
MW:
825.0
Source:
Isolated from Nodularia spumigena.
CAS:
118399-22-7
RTECS:
GU2294250
Purity:
≥95% (HPLC)
Identity:
Identity determined by MS.
Appearance:
Dry residue containing traces of monobasic potassium phosphate.
Solubility:
Soluble in methanol:water (1:1).
Shipping:
Ambient Temperature
Long Term Storage:
-20°C
Regulatory Status:
RUO - Research Use Only
Please mouse over
Product Literature References
A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins: A.D. Turner, et al.; Toxins 15, 27 (2023), Abstract;
Toxicological response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to a hazardous cyanotoxin nodularin exposure: Y. Duan, et al.; Environ. Pollut. 318, 120950 (2023), Abstract;
Confirmation Using Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of a Fatal Canine Neurotoxicosis following Exposure to Anatoxins at an Inland Reservoir: A.D. Turner, et al.; Toxins 14, 804 (2022), Abstract;
LC-MS/MS Validation and Quantification of Cyanotoxins in Algal Food Supplements from the Belgium Market and Their Molecular Origins: W.H.R. Van Hassel, et al.; Toxins 14, 513 (2022), Abstract;
Multiclass cyanotoxin analysis in reservoir waters: Tandem solid-phase extraction followed by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: M.M. Aparicio-Muriana, et al.; Talanta 237, 122929 (2022), Abstract;
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms: C.S. Beyer, et al.; PLoS One 15, E0231781 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
Phosphorylated Lamin A/C in the nuclear interior binds active enhancers associated with abnormal transcription in progeria: K. Ikegami, et al.; Dev. Cell 52, 699 (2020), Abstract; Full Text
A new conjugation method used for the development of an immunoassay for the detection of amanitin, a deadly mushroom toxin: C.S. Beyer, et al.; Toxins 10, 265 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Uptake and accumulation of Microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: An animal model assessing the human health risk: B. Greer, et al.; Sci. Rep. 8, 4913 (2018), Abstract; Full Text
Simple, high efficiency detection of microcystins and nodularin-R in water by fluorescence polarization immunoassay: H. Zhang, et al.; Anal. Chim. Acta 992, 119 (2017), Abstract;
Comparative effects of nodularin and microcystin-LR in zebrafish: 1. Uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp1d1 (Slco1d1): S. Faltermann, et al.; Aquat. Toxicol. 171, 69 (2016), Application(s): Cellular uptake and immunoblotting, Abstract;
Comparative effects of nodularin and microcystin-LR in zebrafish: 2. Uptake and molecular effects in eleuthero-embryos and adult liver with focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress: S. Faltermann, et al.; Aquat. Toxicol. 171, 77 (2016), Application(s): Induced ER-stress and TNFα in liver organ cultures of zebrafish, Abstract;
Nodularin induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and leads to induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress: N. Meili, et al.; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 300, 25 (2016), Application(s): Cell culture, Abstract;
Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Microcystins using Ionic Liquid-based in situ Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction: H. Yu, et al.; J. Chromatogr. A 1406, 10 (2015), Application(s): Cell Culture, Abstract;
On the chemistry, toxicology and genetics of the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin: L. Pearson, et al.; Mar. Drugs 8, 1650 (2010), Abstract; Full Text
Nodularin-induced genotoxicity following oxidative DNA damage and aneuploidy in HepG2 cells: A. Lankoff, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 164, 239 (2006), Abstract;
Bacterial degradation of microcystins and nodularin: S. Imanishi, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18, 591 (2005), Abstract;
Genotoxic potential of Microcystin-LR and nodularin in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rat liver: N. Bouaicha, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 20, 341 (2005), Abstract;
Study on the distribution of nodularin in tissues and cell level in mice: Z. Zhang, et al.; Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 36, 100 (2002), Abstract;
The microcystins and nodularins: cyclic polypeptide inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A: B.M. Gulledgea, et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1991 (2002), Abstract;
Detection of nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea: V. Sipia, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 16, 121 (2001), Abstract;
Influence of microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon 39, 419 (2001), Abstract;
Nodularin-Har: a new nodularin from Nodularia: K. Saito, et al; J. Nat. Prod. 64, 139 (2001), Abstract;
Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000), Abstract;
Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, nodularin, under light and dark conditions: H. Twist & G.A. Codd; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151, 83 (1997), Abstract;
Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 577 (1991), Abstract;
In vitro and in vivo effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins and nodularin, on mouse skin and fibroblasts: R. Matsushima, et al.; BBRC 171, 867 (1990), Abstract;
Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity: S. Yoshizawa, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 116, 609 (1990), Abstract;
Internal surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and nodularin: J.A. Meriluoto, et al.; J. Chromatogr. 509, 390 (1990), Abstract;
Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR and nodularin: C. Martin, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56, 1 (1990), Abstract;
Nodularin, microcystin and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988),
Toxicity and partial structure of a hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand: W.W. Carmichael, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2257 (1988), Abstract;
